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April 23, 2022

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This is Drip irrigation system

About Drip Irrigation System
Drip System Layout
Wetting pattern in drip irrigation
Crops suitable for Drip Irrigation System
Response of different crops to Drip Irrigation System
Benefits of drip Irrigation
Water conservation through drip
Bamboo drip irrigation system
Related resources

About Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.

drip wetting pattern

Drip irrigation system delivers water to the crop using a network of mainlines, sub-mains and lateral lines with emission points spaced along their lengths. Each dripper/emitter, orifice supplies a measured, precisely controlled uniform application of water, nutrients, and other required growth substances directly into the root zone of the plant.

Water and nutrients enter the soil from the emitters, moving into the root zone of the plants through the combined forces of gravity and capillary. In this way, the plant’s withdrawal of moisture and nutrients are replenished almost immediately, ensuring that the plant never suffers from water stress, thus enhancing quality, its ability to achieve optimum growth and high yield.

Drip System Layout

drip_layout_NCPAH

Major Components of Drip Irrigation System
1	Pump station.	2	By-pass assembly
3	Control valves	4	Filtration system
5	Fertilizer tank /Venturi	6	Pressure gauge
7	Mains / Sub-mains	8	Laterals
9	Emitting devices	10	Micro tubes

Pump station takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system.

Control valves control the discharge and pressure in the entire system.

Filtration system cleans the water. Common types of filter include screen filters and graded sand filters which remove fine material suspended in the water.

Fertilizer tank/venturi slowly add a measured dose of fertilizer into the water during irrigation. This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods.

Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation. Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter.

Emitters or drippers are devices used to control the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closely spaced emitters may be used to wet a strip of soil. Many different emitter designs have been produced in recent years. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily.

Wetting pattern in drip irrigation

Unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation only wets part of the soil root zone. This may be as, low as 30% of the volume of soil wetted by the other methods. The wetting patterns which develop from dripping water onto the soil depend on discharge and soil type. Figure 64 shows the effect of changes in discharge on two different soil types, namely sand and clay.

Wetting pattern in Sandy Soils

Wetting pattern in Clay Soils

Drip clay soil

Although only part of the root zone is wetted it is still important to meet the full water needs of the crop. It is sometimes thought that drip irrigation saves water by reducing the amount used by the crop. This is not true. Crop water use is not changed by the method of applying water. Crops just require the right amount for good growth.

The water savings that can be made using drip irrigation are the reductions in deep percolation, in surface runoff and in evaporation from the soil. These savings, it must be remembered, depend as much on the user of the equipment as on the equipment itself.

Drip irrigation is not a substitute for other proven methods of irrigation. It is just another way of applying water. It is best suited to areas where water quality is marginal, land is steeply sloping or undulating and of poor quality, where water or labour are expensive, or where high value crops require frequent water applications.

Crops suitable for Drip Irrigation System

1.	Orchard Crops	Grapes, Banana, Pomegranate, Orange, Citrus, Mango, Lemon, Custard Apple, Sapota, Guava, Pineapple, Coconut, Cashewnut, Papaya, Aonla, Litchi, Watermelon, Muskmelon etc.
2.	Vegetables	Tomato, Chilly, Capsicum, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Onion, Okra, Brinjal, Bitter Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Cucumber, Peas, Spinach, Pumpkin etc.
3.	Cash Crops	Sugarcane, Cotton. Arecanut, Strawberry etc.
4.	Flowers	Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Anthurium, Orchids, Jasmine, Dahilia, Marigold etc.
5.	Plantation	Tea, Rubber, Coffee, Coconut etc.
6.	Spices	Turmeric, Cloves, Mint etc,
7.	Oil Seed	Sunflower, Oil palm, Groundnut etc.
8.	Forest Crops	Teakwood, Bamboo etc.

Response of different crops to Drip Irrigation System

Crops	Water saving (%)	Increase in yield (%)
Banana	45	52
Cauliflower	68	70
Chilly	68	28
Cucumber	56	48
Grapes	48	23
Ground nut	40	152
Pomegranate	45	45
Sugarcane	50	99
Sweet lime	61	50
Tomato	42	60
Watermelon	66	19

Benefits of drip Irrigation

Increase in yield up to 230 %.
Saves water up to 70% compare to flood irrigation. More land can be irrigated with the water thus saved.
Crop grows consistently, healthier and matures fast.
Early maturity results in higher and faster returns on investment.
Fertilizer use efficiency increases by 30%.
Cost of fertilizers, inter-culturing and labour use gets reduced.
Fertilizer and Chemical Treatment can be given through Micro Irrigation System itself.
Undulating terrains, Saline, Water logged, Sandy & Hilly lands can also be brought under productive cultivation.

Water conservation through drip

Water is conserved in the following ways:

Drip irrigation application uniformity is very high, usually over 90%.
Unlike sprinklers, drip irrigation applies water directly to the soil, eliminating water loss from wind.
Application rates are low so water may be spoon fed to the crop or plant root zone in the exact amounts required (even on a daily or hourly basis). In contrast, other methods entail higher water application quantities and less frequency. If young plants need water frequently, much of the water applied is often wasted to deep percolation or runoff.
Low application rates are less likely to run off from heavier soils or sloping terrain.
Drip irrigation does not water non-targeted areas such as furrows and roads in agriculture, between beds, blocks or benches in greenhouses, or hardscape, buildings or roads in landscape.
Drip irrigation easily adapts to odd-shaped planting areas which are difficult to address with sprinklers or gravity irrigation.
Drip irrigation is capable of germinating seeds and setting transplants which eliminates the need for "sprinklering up" and eliminates the resulting waste in the early stages of crop growth.

Drip irrigation is today's need because Water - nature's gift to mankind is not unlimited and free forever. World water resources are fast diminishing.

Source: National Committee on Plasticulture Application in Horticulture, FAO corporate Documentary Repositary Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd

Bamboo drip irrigation system

Dating back 200 years, tribes in northeast India have used bamboo drip irrigation as a means of bringing water to seasonal crops. This timeless and traditional technology uses locally available material while harnessing the forces of gravity. An assortment of holed bamboo shoots zig-zag downhill, diverting the natural flow of streams and springs across terraced cropland. The advantages of using bamboo are two-fold: it prevents leakage, increasing crop yield with less water, and makes use of natural, local, and inexpensive material.

The Jaintia, Khasi, and Garo hills of Meghalaya are largely made up of steep slopes and generally rocky terrain where the soil has low water retention capacity and where the use of groundwater channels is impossible. During the dry seasons, rainfed crops such as paddy, betal leaf, and black peppers can be irrigated by bamboo drip irrigation.
Within the Jainta hills, the small village of Nongbah relies on terrace agriculture for paddy cultivation. There are no restrictions for individuals tapping into water flows from perennial streams, natural springs, or collection ponds. This enables farmers, nearly 97% of the population, to cultivate paddy, betal leaf, and black peppers in seasonal rotations. Meanwhile, drinking needs are met by perennial springs during the dry months, from October to March.

Only during the winter is irrigation required, and the bamboo system is used for crops that need relatively less water.
The few materials needed are a small dao (a type of local axe), bamboo strands of various sizes, forked branches, smaller bamboo shoots used for the channel diversions, and two willing laborers. A. Singh, in his book Bamboo Drip Irrigation Systems, investigated its use in Meghalaya and says that two workers can construct a system covering one hectare of land in 15 days. About four or five stages of irrigation zig-zag from the water source to the last point of application. Along the way, 18-20 liters of water will eventually disseminate at a rate of 20-80 drops per minute.

Bamboo drip

Photo source: Centre for Science and Environment

To get started, locate an available water source. Next, select a sloped area of land (at least 30 meters in variation). Then slice the bamboo shoots and forked branches, placing the wider shoots in the first channel and the smaller pipes for the last section (plan for 5 stages). Puncture a series of holes in the shoots, spacing them equally. Ground clearance should progressively descend so that the water may be dropped near the roots of plants in the last section (10-15 cm above ground). To reinforce the structure, tie the pipes and forked branches together using fiber-rich twine as rope. At points of diversion, smaller bamboo shoots may be used to redirect water.

Materials used during installation last around three years, while maintenance is limited to cleaning and reinforcement after seasonal monsoons. Cost is also limited to labor, which can be carried out by farmers themselves. This traditional water structure is indeed contextual to location. Such variables include: replenishable supplies of bamboo, upland sources of water, and the presence of traditional terrace agriculture.

Adapting to drier growing seasons, farmers are advised to match irrigation decisions with crop selection. It is suggested that during the June to September season, rice cultivation can be stopped and farmers can opt for crops such as pulses, sunflower, sesame and maize. In areas affected severely by drought, farmers may go for pearl millet, minor millet and forage crops. However, in places where there is water stagnation, they can continue to grow rice.

In the Meghalaya hills there are an estimated 3,108 square kilometers of bamboo forests. In 1990, it was estimated that the total yield of bamboo in the state was 2.09 tons/hectare/year. The 38 different species of bamboo in the region are typically harvested at the community level and loosely managed by the Autonomous District Councils (ADC). Bamboo supplies have recently come under threat from a surge in rodent populations, gregarious flowering, disease, and large-scale extraction. Nonetheless, large-scale conservation and protection plans are underway in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, and Sikkim, which together contain over 50% of India’s bamboo supply (within 226,000 square kilometers of land.)

The Jaintia, Khasi, and Garo hill tribes have long entrusted the use of bamboo drip irrigation as a means to fulfilling domestic, agricultural, and customary needs. Its function remains unspoiled so as the rains continue to fall and the bamboo continues to grow.

March 24, 2022

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SPRINKLER

Sprinkler Irrigation System

Sprinkler Irrigation System
Components
Sprinkler layout
Types of Sprinklers Based on Precipitation
Response of Different Crops to Sprinkler Irrigation System
Wetting patterns in sprinklers

Sprinkler Irrigation System

Sprinkler irrigation system allows application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump. It releases water similar to rainfall through a small diameter nozzle placed in the pipes. Water is distributed through a system of pipes, sprayed into air and irrigates in most of the soil type due to wide range of discharge capacity.

Advantages

Eliminates water conveyance channels, thereby reducing conveyance loss.
Suitable in all types of soil except heavy clay.
Water saving up to 30% - 50 %.
Suitable for irrigation where the plant population per unit area is very high.
Helps to increase yield.
Reduces soil compaction.
Mobility of system helps system operation easy.
Suitable for undulating land.
Saves land as no bunds required.
Soluble fertilizers and chemicals use are possible.
Provides frost protection & helps in alteration of micro climate.
Reduces labour cost.

Components

Major Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System
1	Pumping station or Header Assembly	2	By-pass valve
3	Fertilizer tank	4	Filtration system
5	Pressure gauges	6	Control valves
7	HDPE / PVC Pipes	8	QRC Pump connector
9	Sprinkler Nozzles	10	Service Saddle

Sprinkler layout

Sprinkler

A typical sprinkler irrigation system consists of the following components:

Pump unit
Mainline and sometimes sub-mainlines
Laterals
Sprinklers

sprinkler layout

Types of Sprinklers Based on Precipitation

Type of Sprinkler	Precipitation Rate (mm per hour)
Low Volume Sprinkler	Less than 13
Medium Volume Sprinkler	13 - 25
Large Volume Sprinkler(Raingun)	Above 25

Response of Different Crops to Sprinkler Irrigation System

Crops	Water Saving (%)	Yield increase (%)
Chilli	33	24
Cotton	36	50
Fenugreek	29	35
Gram	69	57
Jowar	55	34
Maize	41	36
Onion	33	23
Sunflower	33	20
Wheat	35	24

Wetting patterns in sprinklers

The wetting pattern from a single rotary sprinkler is not very uniform. Normally the area wetted is circular (see topview). The heaviest wetting is close to the sprinkler (see sideview). For good uniformity several sprinklers must be operated close together so that their patterns overlap. For good uniformity the overlap should be at least 65% of the wetted diameter. This determines the maximum spacing between sprinklers.

Wetting pattern for a single sprinkler (TOP VIEW)

sprinkler top

Wetting pattern for a single sprinkler (SIDE VIEW)

sprinkler side view

The uniformity of sprinkler applications can be affected by wind and water pressure. Spray from sprinklers is easily blown about by even a gentle breeze and this can seriously reduce uniformity. To reduce the effects of wind the sprinklers can be positioned more closely together.

Sprinklers will only work well at the right operating pressure recommended by the manufacturer. If the pressure is above or below this then the distribution will be affected. The most common problem is when the pressure is too low. This happens when pumps and pipes wear. Friction increases and so pressure at the sprinkler reduces. The result is that the water jet does not break up and all the water tends to fall in one area towards the outside of the wetted circle. If the pressure is too high then the distribution will also be poor. A fine spray develops which falls close to the sprinkler.

Application rate: This is the average rate at which water is sprayed onto the crops and is measured in mm/hour. The application rate depends on the size of sprinkler nozzles, the operating pressure and the distance between sprinklers. When selecting a sprinkler system it is important to make sure that the average application rate is less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil (see Annex 2). In this way all the water applied will be readily absorbed by the soil and there should be no runoff.

Sprinkler drop sizes: As water sprays from a sprinkler it breaks up into small drops between 0.5 and 4.0 mm in size. The small drops fall close to the sprinkler whereas the larger ones fall close to the edge of the wetted circle. Large drops can damage delicate crops and soils and so in such conditions it is best to use the smaller sprinklers.

Drop size is also controlled by pressure and nozzle size. When the pressure is low, drops tend to be much larger as the water jet does not break up easily. So to avoid crop and soil damage use small diameter nozzles operating at or above the normal recommended operating pressure.

March 24, 2022

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Read about more than 200+ Exam Wishes – Best Wishes For Exam

This is Drip irrigation system

About Drip Irrigation System

Drip System Layout

Wetting pattern in drip irrigation

Crops suitable for Drip Irrigation System

Response of different crops to Drip Irrigation System

Benefits of drip Irrigation

Water conservation through drip

Bamboo drip irrigation system

Sprinkler Irrigation System

Sprinkler Irrigation System

Components

Sprinkler layout

Types of Sprinklers Based on Precipitation

Response of Different Crops to Sprinkler Irrigation System

Wetting patterns in sprinklers

Joseph Kadeha

James Theodory

Anody Uyalo

REGISTER HIRE

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